The main topic of the article is the issue of pre-reflective consciousness, which was Sartre’s subject matter is an early phase of his work, when he was inspired by Husserl’s fenomenology. Sartre distinguished three types of pre-reflective consciousness: perception, imagination and emotion. In my article I try to explain essence of abovementioned types of consciousness, point their features and define relations between them.

Problem relacji między jednym a drugim podmiotem jest w myśli Sartre’a zagadnieniem kluczowym. Trzon koncepcji francuskiego myśliciela opiera się na bardzo ważnym stwierdzeniu, że owa relacja nie ma charakteru poznawczego lecz egzystencjalny. Istota spotkania polega tu na doświadczeniu samej inności drugiego człowieka, zachodzącym poprzez wpływ, jaki wywiera on na moje własne istnienie. Inny postrzega mnie, więc ja jestem dla niego przedmiotem, który odkrywa granice swojej wolności. Sytuacja ta analogicznie wygląda w relacji odwrotnej, stąd wszelkie relacji ja-ty są według Sartre’a naznaczone (...) konfliktem. (shrink)

The main task of this work is to track down the absurdities of human existence which are described in the Jean-Paul Sartre’s texts. By analyzing the content of a novel Nausea author present the founding of Sartre’s theory of the existentialism that was later developed in the most famous philosophical work of the French philosopher, namely Being and nothingness. The thesis of this work is as follows: Sartre’s philosophical texts contain overall interpretation of existentialism. His literary texts give specific examples (...) of human behavior, relationships, and activities immersed in absurd and illustrate the thesis from Sartre’s philosophical works. This article combines information contained in the philosophical and literary writings. In the first part author presents Sartre’s biography, emphasizing his literary and philosophical interests. Author tries to demonstrate absurdities of notion of existence in Nausea and Being and Nothingness to give an existential definition of the human being. (shrink)

Husserl’s phenomenology was particularly influential for a number of French philosophers and their theories. Two of the most prominent French thinkers, Jean-Paul Sartre and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, turned to the instruments offered by phenomenology in their attempts to understand the notions of the body, consciousness, imagination, human being, world and many others. Both philosophers also provided their definitions of perception, but they understood this notion in very different ways. The paper describes selected aspects of Husserl’s phenomenology that were adopted by Sartre (...) and Merleau-Ponty and depicts the presumptions of their respective theories of perception, as well as the differences between them. The main thesis presented here is that theories as different as those proposed by Sartre and Merleau-Ponty may, and indeed do, lead to the same conclusion, i.e. that perception represents a different form of cognition. Despite the differences between these theories, they can both be placed in the contemporary context of phenomenological research carried out by cognitive philosophers Dan Zahavi and Shaun Gallagher, as well as by the proponent of the enactive theory of perception, Alva Noë. (shrink)